Pode o exercício físico ser um bom medicamento para o envelhecimento saudável?
Resumo
O notório envelhecimento da população global impõe novas estratégias para melhorar a saúde e qualidade de vida dos idosos. Atualmente, observa-se um aumento na proporção de idosos, muitos dos quais estão em elevado risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crónicas não transmissíveis e limitações funcionais graves. Paralelamente, os idosos são geralmente muito inativos, fato que exacerba os problemas de saúde e de funcionalidade. Pelo contrário, existem fortes evidências suportados em estudos de elevada qualidade a demonstrar a forte associação positiva entre o aumento dos níveis de atividade física, a participação em programas de exercício físico e a melhoria da saúde. Assim, é imperativo desenvolver um forte compromisso com a melhoria dos níveis de atividade física em idosos. O exercício, realizado regularmente e individualmente ajustado à capacidade funcional e estado clinico de cada um, pode e deve ser realizado por idosos, sendo, atendendo aos seus inúmeros benefícios, considerado como uma estratégia não-farmacológica determinante para o envelhecimento bem-sucedido.
Referências
. United Nations, U.N., World Population Ageing 2009. 2009, United Nations: New York.
Eurostat, Eurostat regional yearbook 2009. 2009. Publications Office of the European Union:
Luxembourg.
Spirduso W.W., Francis K.L., MacRae P.G.. 2005. Physical Dimensions of Aging. Champaign:
Human Kinetics.
de Groot L.C., Verheijden M.W., de Henauw S., Schroll M., van Staveren W.A.. Lifestyle, nutritional status, health, and mortality in elderly people across Europe: a review of the longitudinal results of the SENECA study. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2004; 59:1277-1284.
WHO, W.H.O. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS) Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem 2012]; Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/
strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web.pdf
Nelson M.E., Rejeski W.J., Blair S.N., Duncan P.W., Judge J.O., King A.C., Macera C.A., Castaneda-Sceppa C., American College of Sports, M., and American Heart, A.. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine
and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007; 116(9): 1094-1105.
American College of Sports M., Chodzko-Zajko W.J., Proctor D.N., Fiatarone Singh M.A.,
Minson C.T., Nigg C.R., Salem G.J., and Skinner, J.S.. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009;
(7): 1510-1530.
Silva P., Novais C., Botelho-Gomes P., and Carvalho J.. Cambios en la percepción del
cuerpo de mujeres de edad avanzada, a través de un programa de actividad física. Eur. J. Hum.
Movem. 2011; 26: 55-65.
Cress M.E., BuchnerD.M., ProhaskaT., Rimmer, J., BrownM., Macera C., DipietroL., and
Chodzko-Zajko W.. Best practices for physical activity programs and behavior counseling in
older adult populations.” J. Aging Phys. Act. 2005; 13(1): 61-74.
Hawkins S. and Wiswell R. Rate and mechanism of maximal oxygen consumption decline with
aging: implications for exercise training. Sports Med. 2003; 33(12): 877-888.
Lakatta E.G. Age-associated cardiovascular changes in health: impact on cardiovascular
disease in older persons. Heart Fail. Rev. 2002; 7(1): 29-49.
Farrell S.W., Cheng Y.J., and Blair S.N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome across cardiorespiratory fitness levels in women. Obes. Res. 2004; 12(5): 824-830.
Wanderley F.A., Oliveira J., Mota J., and Carvalho M.J.. Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) is associated with body fat, systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product in community dwelling elderly subjects. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2011; 52(2): 206-210.
Brill P.A., Macera C.A., Davis D.R., Blair S.N., and Gordon N.. Muscular strength and physical function. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(2): 412-416.
Carvalho J. and Soares J.. Envelhecimento e força muscular - breve revisão. Rev. Port. Cien. Desp. 2004; 4: 79-93.
Cooper C., Dere W., Evans W., Kanis J.A., Rizzoli R., Sayer A.A., Sieber C.C., Kaufman J.M.,
Abellan van Kan G., Boonen S., Adachi J., Mitlak B., Tsouderos Y., Rolland Y., and Reginster J.Y..
Frailty and sarcopenia: definitions and outcome parameters. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23(7): 1839-
Adam K., O’Shea P., and O’Shea K.L.. Aging: its effects on strength, power, flexibility, and bone density. Strength Cond. J. 1999; 21(2): 65.
Carvalho J. and Mota J. (2012). Exercicio físico e quedas nos idosos - breve revisão in Desporto e Educação Física. Traço de união entre a Universidade Federal do Amazonas e a Universidade do Porto, A. Soares, A. Liberato, and J. Bento, Editors: EDUA. p. 93-111.
Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, A.G.S. and British Geriatrics, S.. Summary of
the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline
for prevention of falls in older persons. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2011; 59(1): 148-157.
Evans W. Exercise strategies should be designed to increase muscle power. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2000; 55(6): M309-310.
Carter N.D., Kannus P., and Khan K.M. Exercise in the prevention of falls in older people: a systematic literature review examining the rationale and the evidence. Sports Med. 2001; 31(6): 427-438.
Peterson M.D. and Gordon P.M. Resistance exercise for the aging adult: clinical implications
and prescription guidelines. Am. J. Med. 2011; 124(3): 194-198.
Hunter G.R., Bryan D.R., Wetzstein C.J., Zuckerman P.A., and Bamman M.M.. Resistance
training and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in older men and women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
; 34(6): 1023-1028.
Ibanez J., Izquierdo M., Arguelles I., Forga, L., Larrion J.L., Garcia-Unciti M., Idoate F., and
Gorostiaga E.M.. Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and
improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2005; 28(3):
-667.
Kerr D., Ackland T., Maslen B., Morton A., and Prince, R.. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001;
(1): 175-181.
Marques E.A., Wanderley F., Machado L., Sousa, F., Viana J.L., Moreira-Goncalves D., Moreira P., Mota J., and Carvalho J.. Effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on physical function, bone
mineral density, OPG and RANKL in older women. Exp. Gerontol. 2011; 46(7): 524-532.
Marques E., Mota J., and Carvalho J.. Exercise effects on bone mineral density in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Age. 2012; 34(6):1493-1515.
Eriksson J., Tuominen J., Valle T., Sundberg S., Sovijarvi A., Lindholm H., Tuomilehto J.,
and Koivisto V.. Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals
with impaired glucose tolerance? Horm. Metab. Res. 1998; 30(1): 37-41.
Koffler K.H., Menkes A., Redmond R.A., Whitehead W.E., Pratley R.E., and Hurley B.F..
Strength training accelerates gastrointestinal transit in middle-aged and older men. Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(4): 415-419.
Zhang Y. and Jordan J.. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med, 2010; 26(3): 355-369.
Rikli R. and Jones C.J. 2001, Senior Fitness Test Manual. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.
Edelberg H.K.. Falls and function. How to prevent falls and injuries in patients with impaired mobility. Geriatrics. 2001; 56(3): 41-45.
Kwon I.S., Oldaker S., Schrager M., Talbot L.A., Fozard J.L., and Metter E.J.. Relationship between muscle strength and the time taken to complete a standardized walk-turn-walk test. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56(9): B398-B404.
Carter N.D., Kannus P., and Khan K.M.. Exercise in the prevention of falls in older people: a
systematic literature review examining the rationale and the evidence. Sports Med. 2001; 31(6):
-438.
Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: position statement of The North
American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2010; 17(1): 25-54
Daley M.J. and Spinks W.L.. Exercise, mobility and aging. Sports Med. 2000; 29(1): 1-12.
Gauchard G.C., Gangloff P., Jeandel C., and Perrin P.P.. Influence of regular proprioceptive and bioenergetic physical activities on balance control in elderly women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58(9): M846-850.
Steadman J., Donaldson N., and Kalra L.. A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced
balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr
Soc. 2003; 51(6): 847-852.
Holland G.J., Tanaka K., Shigematsu R., and Nakagaichi M.. Flexibility and physical functions
of older adults: A review. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2002; 10(2): 169-206.
Garber C.E., Blissmer B., Deschenes M.R., Franklin B.A., Lamonte M.J., Lee I.M., Nieman
D.C., Swain D.P., and American College of Sports M.. American College of Sports Medicine
position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory,
musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing
exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(7): 1334-1359.
Torres C.; Silva P.; Novais C.; Carvalho J. Diálogos em torno dos significados do corpo no
envelhecimento: um estudo com pessoas idosas inscritas num programa de atividade física.
Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre o Envelhecimento. 2014; 19 (1): 155-172.
Park CH, Chodzko-Zajko W, Ory MG, Gleason-Senior J, Bazzarre TL, Mockenhaupt R. The
impact of a national strategy to increase physical activity among older adults on national organizations. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2010; 18:425-438.
Nied R.J. and Franklin B.. Promoting and prescribing exercise for the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2002; 65(3): 419-426.
BakerM.K., AtlantisE., and Fiatarone Singh, M.A.. Multi-modal exercise programs for older
adults. Age Ageing. 2007; 36(4): 375-381.
Carvalho M.J., Marques E., and Mota J.. Training and detraining effects on functional fitness after a multicomponent training in older women. Gerontology. 2009; 55(1): 41-48.
Lobo A., Carvalho J., and Santos P.. Effects of training and detraining on physical fitness,
physical activity patterns, cardiovascular variables, and HRQoL after 3 health-promotion interventions in institutionalized elders. Int J Family Med. 2010; 2010: 486097.